West of Austin and north of San Antonio is a small pocket of Texas, once drenched with the blood of dissenters. It isn't the enlightened North or the old South, or the new West. It's the Texas Hill Country of Lyndon Baines Johnson.
Less than 50 miles to the southwest of the President's ranch, in the quiet town of Comfort, stands one of the least-known monuments in America. On its face is the inscription "Treue der Union." On the sides one can read "Gefallen am 10 Aug 1862 am Neuces,” "Gefangen genommen und ermordei,” “Gefallen am 18 Oct. 1862, am Rio Grande.”
After the devastation of the Napoleonic Wars, Germany was wracked by economic unrest. Riots by college students, then open revolt by the masses - all brutally suppressed by the Crown - prefaced a wave of German immigration to Texas which included school teachers, musicians, doctors, lawyers, intellectuals and skilled craftsmen.
The Germans worked hard, minded their own business; the Indians tended to trust them more than they did the Anglo-American. They opposed slavery and refused to repudiate their oath of loyalty to the United States of America when Texas joined the Confederacy: in Gillespie County, where the President was born, the vote was 398 to 16 against secession.
Brigadier General Hamilton P. Bee, whose brother immortalized Jackson with the name "Stonewall," appointed James Duff Provost Marshal for the Western Sub-District of Texas. It was Duff’s job to impose martial law and keep the Germans in line, since many had refused to volunteer for the Confederate Army, or even honor the draft. Court-martialed for deserting the US Army, Duff was known as “The Rebel Butcher of Southwest Texas." He murdered German immigrants and burned their homes.
In 1862, at a point not far from the President’s home, 63 Union sympathizers began a march to the Rio Grande. They camped on the banks of the Neuces River, and around a campfire unsuspecting men sang songs and made speeches about "Refugeeing to Mexico.” At the break of dawn, Duff’s men attacked. All prisoners were killed; many of those who escaped were tracked down and shot as they tried to cross the Rio Grande.
Resentment against the Germans lingered for years. Not long before World War I, my great-uncle, Congressman James Slayden, appointed a “German boy” from the Hill Country to the US Naval Academy. Although the young man had won a competitive examination, it was whispered in polite San Antonio circles that the Congressman had made a mistake. How could a "German" amount to anything as an officer in the US Navy? Chester Nimitz, however, turned out to be a better-than-average sailor.
The President’s ranch is on the Pedernales River. Upstream a few miles stands another monument to non-conformists. Here the village of Zodiac was built in 1847 around a temple, a general store, a school, a cabinet shop and a gristmill. The whole community held title to everything exceeding the actual needs of the individual. The members of this commune belonged to an offshoot of the Church of Latter Day Saints of Jesus Christ.
Following Joseph Smith’s murder in 1844, Brigham Young and Lyman Wight each contended that he was Smith's successor. Both were members of "The Quorum of Twelve," the governing body of the Mormon Church. Young set out for Salt Lake Valley. Wight, with 150 men, women and children, floated down the Mississippi River, eventually establishing the small community of Zodiac.
In 1946, the Fredericksburg, Texas, Standard, in its centennial edition recounted: “. . . Had it not been for these strange, kind people, many of the early [German] pioneers would have starved to death for it was the Mormons who showed them how to raise many of the things best suited for Texas soil and climate necessary for survival in this great wilderness. . . . The Mormons were undoubtedly the first pioneers [to settle] in Gillespie County."
Others got protection from Indian attacks, but not the “strange” Mormons who wrote to the Indian agent in San Antonio: “. . . It seems very curious to us that troops are raised and sent 500 or 600 miles from where an Indian ever roamed and leave our frontiers without protection. . . . Who has lost horses in the White Mountains? It must be the Rangers if anybody as they are the only ones in all probability that was ever there. . . . While Congress is spending six or eight months to find out whether it is best to reinforce the Army or not, the Indians are killing men, women and children and driving off large quantities of stock and nothing to hinder. . . . We make this one more appeal.” A majority of the Texas Mormons returned to the North or fled to California and Mexico at the outbreak of the Civil War.
In this arid country gnarled oaks fight their way toward a boiling sun. This is LBJ’s favorite spot, and to this part of Texas he helped to bring in electric cooperatives, dams and soil-saving measures.
Here, in the Johnson Hill Country, men opposed slavery, stood up for Union alongside of Sam Houston, practiced a “non-conforming” religion and told the authorities to go to hell.
Less than 50 miles to the southwest of the President's ranch, in the quiet town of Comfort, stands one of the least-known monuments in America. On its face is the inscription "Treue der Union." On the sides one can read "Gefallen am 10 Aug 1862 am Neuces,” "Gefangen genommen und ermordei,” “Gefallen am 18 Oct. 1862, am Rio Grande.”
After the devastation of the Napoleonic Wars, Germany was wracked by economic unrest. Riots by college students, then open revolt by the masses - all brutally suppressed by the Crown - prefaced a wave of German immigration to Texas which included school teachers, musicians, doctors, lawyers, intellectuals and skilled craftsmen.
The Germans worked hard, minded their own business; the Indians tended to trust them more than they did the Anglo-American. They opposed slavery and refused to repudiate their oath of loyalty to the United States of America when Texas joined the Confederacy: in Gillespie County, where the President was born, the vote was 398 to 16 against secession.
Brigadier General Hamilton P. Bee, whose brother immortalized Jackson with the name "Stonewall," appointed James Duff Provost Marshal for the Western Sub-District of Texas. It was Duff’s job to impose martial law and keep the Germans in line, since many had refused to volunteer for the Confederate Army, or even honor the draft. Court-martialed for deserting the US Army, Duff was known as “The Rebel Butcher of Southwest Texas." He murdered German immigrants and burned their homes.
In 1862, at a point not far from the President’s home, 63 Union sympathizers began a march to the Rio Grande. They camped on the banks of the Neuces River, and around a campfire unsuspecting men sang songs and made speeches about "Refugeeing to Mexico.” At the break of dawn, Duff’s men attacked. All prisoners were killed; many of those who escaped were tracked down and shot as they tried to cross the Rio Grande.
Resentment against the Germans lingered for years. Not long before World War I, my great-uncle, Congressman James Slayden, appointed a “German boy” from the Hill Country to the US Naval Academy. Although the young man had won a competitive examination, it was whispered in polite San Antonio circles that the Congressman had made a mistake. How could a "German" amount to anything as an officer in the US Navy? Chester Nimitz, however, turned out to be a better-than-average sailor.
The President’s ranch is on the Pedernales River. Upstream a few miles stands another monument to non-conformists. Here the village of Zodiac was built in 1847 around a temple, a general store, a school, a cabinet shop and a gristmill. The whole community held title to everything exceeding the actual needs of the individual. The members of this commune belonged to an offshoot of the Church of Latter Day Saints of Jesus Christ.
Following Joseph Smith’s murder in 1844, Brigham Young and Lyman Wight each contended that he was Smith's successor. Both were members of "The Quorum of Twelve," the governing body of the Mormon Church. Young set out for Salt Lake Valley. Wight, with 150 men, women and children, floated down the Mississippi River, eventually establishing the small community of Zodiac.
In 1946, the Fredericksburg, Texas, Standard, in its centennial edition recounted: “. . . Had it not been for these strange, kind people, many of the early [German] pioneers would have starved to death for it was the Mormons who showed them how to raise many of the things best suited for Texas soil and climate necessary for survival in this great wilderness. . . . The Mormons were undoubtedly the first pioneers [to settle] in Gillespie County."
Others got protection from Indian attacks, but not the “strange” Mormons who wrote to the Indian agent in San Antonio: “. . . It seems very curious to us that troops are raised and sent 500 or 600 miles from where an Indian ever roamed and leave our frontiers without protection. . . . Who has lost horses in the White Mountains? It must be the Rangers if anybody as they are the only ones in all probability that was ever there. . . . While Congress is spending six or eight months to find out whether it is best to reinforce the Army or not, the Indians are killing men, women and children and driving off large quantities of stock and nothing to hinder. . . . We make this one more appeal.” A majority of the Texas Mormons returned to the North or fled to California and Mexico at the outbreak of the Civil War.
In this arid country gnarled oaks fight their way toward a boiling sun. This is LBJ’s favorite spot, and to this part of Texas he helped to bring in electric cooperatives, dams and soil-saving measures.
Here, in the Johnson Hill Country, men opposed slavery, stood up for Union alongside of Sam Houston, practiced a “non-conforming” religion and told the authorities to go to hell.
Maury Maverick, Jr., The New Republic, March 14, 1964
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